Defence mechanisms

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Coping Strategies
Part 16 - Defence mechanisms

(Developed by Sigmund Freud and Anna Freud)

Protecting our ‘self’ from perceived threats by using all sorts of ingenious psychological methods is something that we all do at different moments in our life. Often, we do not know we are using defence mechanisms at the time – which just goes to show how devious and how instinctive these functions of our brain can be.

Why is it worth knowing about them?

As with all things related to our psychological make-up, a greater understanding of the mind can lead us to greater choices in life, which in turn can improve our overall well-being.

As you will see from reading on, there are a heck of a lot of ways in which our minds can change, distort or warp reality. Some of these ways are quite straightforward and easy to explain, while others take a bit longer to understand.

Forgetting (repression)

If an event or a time in your life is painful, one of the easiest ways to deal with it is to forget that it ever happened. We can do this simply by pushing it into the furthest reaches of our mind/body/soul.

While this may be a very important method of coping at the time, in years to come it may be difficult to keep the lid on it, as pain has a habit of rising to the surface and spilling out.

It didn’t happen (denial)

If ‘it’ (whatever it may be) didn’t happen, then there is no need to be distressed about it... except that ‘it’ will become harder and harder to deny when it starts popping into your head with greater frequency and begins to wear you down.

It wasn’t me – it was you (projection)

Here is a great opportunity to blame someone else for what happened, or to put all the dislike about yourself onto someone else, because the truth is too upsetting. Sometimes what you hate about someone is the very thing you don’t like about yourself.

I can’t express how I feel to the person I want to, so I’ll take it out on someone else instead (displacement)

This is about dumping or off-loading on people (or pets) (or objects) who have nothing to do with the cause of your upset/pain/anger, etc.

Making unacceptable behaviour acceptable (sublimation)

If I can channel my dark side into something that is judged to be okay by my partner/friends/family/ community/society, then I can maintain my status as well as my relationships (as opposed to ending up in prison or being isolated/alienated)
e.g. boxing, gaming, writing horror stories, acting, performing, etc.

Mimicking aspects of others (introjection)

This is the opposite of ‘it wasn’t me – it was you.’
In times of distress or threat to yourself, it might be the best option to behave like someone else, e.g. if I shape my hair to look like Ingrid Bergman, I will have all the confidence and sassiness that she has.

Removing the emotion from a memory (isolation)

This allows you think about an otherwise painful or upsetting episode without feeling it, just as though you were merely reporting the events.

Going back in time (regression)

If the pressure to be a certain age is too much for you, going back to a younger age might help reduce the stress. (Think of the times when you might have curled up in a foetal position at night.)

Day-dreaming (fantasising)

Having fantasies, especially about the things that ‘could have been’ in your life, are a way of dealing with disappointments, or of ending things that didn’t have an ending. This is a great way to re-write your history.

Going into your head rather than your heart (intellectualising)

If you are hurting, you might want to think away what is causing the pain by giving yourself a rational explanation: e.g. “I failed because I didn’t want to pass the stupid test anyway.”

Going over the top in order to avoid feelings of inferiority (compensating)

You may have lost out on one particular thing, but you can always remind yourself of plenty of times when you did plenty of really good things: when you were at the very top of your game.

Doing or saying the exact opposite of what you want to do or say (reaction formation)

If you can’t say how awful you think the dress is, you might end up going to the opposite extreme of being extremely complimentary about it. If you have a strong desire, which you cannot accept of yourself, you might not only deny it but also make a point of doing something that suggests your desires lie in other areas.

Because I’ve been horrible I will now be super-nice (undoing)

If you have just shouted at someone at dinner time and you have reduced them to tears, you might make a show of moving away from that ‘horrible’ side of you by tidying the table or doing the washing, which is the nicer side to you.

After-thought

If you are aware of participating in any of these defence mechanisms and you are struggling with the consequences, it might be time to address your issues and take a different course of action.

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